Phase separation in synthetic biology

Background: The concept of phase separation has been used to describe and interpret physicochemical phenomena in biological systems for decades. Many intracellular macromolecules undergo separation, where it plays important roles gene regulation, cellular signaling, metabolic reactions so on, due its unique dynamic properties effects. As the noticeable importance pioneer researchers have explored possibility introduce synthetically engineered applicable cell function. Results: In this article, we illustrated application value synthetic biology. We described main states detail, summarized some ways implement condensates several methods regulate provided a substantial amount identical examples illuminate applications perspectives Conclusions: Multivalent interactions Small molecules, light control spontaneous induce separation. are widely signal amplifications, designer orthogonally non-membrane-bound organelles, pathways, regulations, signaling transductions controllable platforms. Studies on quantitative analysis, more standardized modules precise spatiotemporal may promote further development field.